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The selection of a PV mounting structure should be based on installation site conditions, the scale of the PV system, weather conditions, project budget, and other specific requirements. Here are some key steps and factors to consider:
Topography:
Flat and open ground (e.g., large-scale desert or plain PV plants): Fixed mounting structures are typically suitable as they are simple, stable, and cost-effective.
Hilly or undulating terrain: Adjustable or flexible mounting structures are more advantageous as they can adapt to varying slopes and orientations, ensuring optimal sunlight exposure.
Geological Conditions:
Good geological conditions: Conventional concrete foundations with various mounting structures are adequate.
Poor geological conditions (e.g., soft soil, collapsible loess, or high-salinity areas): Consider using pile foundations or specialized foundation treatments with suitable mounting structures that offer better stability and adaptability to ensure the safety and reliability of the system.
Large-Scale Centralized PV Plants:
Due to the large area and numerous components, economic efficiency and construction speed are critical. Fixed mounts are cost-effective for such systems.
To improve energy generation, larger tilt angles can be chosen based on local sunlight conditions and terrain. If feasible, tracking systems can be used to enhance efficiency, although they involve higher initial investments, potentially yielding better economic returns over the long term.
Distributed PV Systems:
Typically installed on building rooftops or carports, these systems require structures that balance functionality and aesthetics.
For residential or commercial rooftops, lightweight aluminum alloy mounts or flexible mounts are preferable due to their low weight, ease of installation, and compatibility with rooftop load capacities.
For large industrial rooftops, galvanized steel or aluminum alloy mounts with adjustable designs are suitable to maximize efficiency.
Sunlight Availability:
In regions with abundant sunlight and minimal seasonal solar angle changes, fixed mounts can meet generation needs.
In high-latitude areas with significant seasonal variations, adjustable mounts can help align PV panels to optimize sunlight reception, boosting efficiency.
Wind Loads:
In windy regions (e.g., coastal or high-altitude areas), mounting structures with high wind resistance are essential. Strengthen the structure by adding bracing, increasing column and beam dimensions, and using ground anchors or pile foundations to ensure stability during strong winds.
Snow Loads:
For snow-prone regions, the structure must support heavy snow loads. Adjust the panel tilt to reduce snow accumulation or implement snow-clearing measures, such as vibration or heating systems, to prevent damage and ensure consistent performance.
Initial Investment:
Fixed mounts are generally more affordable, while tracking systems and specialized materials incur higher costs.
For projects with limited budgets and longer payback periods, prioritize cost-effective fixed mounts.
For projects where efficiency significantly affects returns, and higher budgets are feasible, consider tracking mounts for better performance.
Operation and Maintenance Costs:
Fixed mounts have lower maintenance requirements.
Tracking systems, with their complexity, require periodic inspections, troubleshooting, and maintenance of control systems. Balance the initial investment and long-term operational costs for maximum lifecycle profitability.
Aesthetic Considerations:
For projects in urban centers, historical districts, or scenic areas, aesthetically pleasing structures are crucial. Opt for aluminum alloy mounts with sleek designs or custom-made mounts that harmonize with the surroundings.
Space Utilization:
In areas with limited space (e.g., small rooftops or carports), choose space-efficient mounts to maximize the number of PV panels installed. Consider structures that maintain functionality beneath the PV system, such as clearance for vehicles or pedestrian movement.
System Compatibility:
For systems integrated with other applications (e.g., energy storage, agricultural irrigation, or aquaculture), select mounts that ensure seamless integration.
In agrivoltaics, mounts must allow agricultural machinery access and support crop growth.
In aquavoltaics, floating mounts should coexist with aquaculture facilities without disrupting operations.
Choosing the right PV mounting structure requires a comprehensive evaluation of factors such as structure type, application scenarios, materials, economic feasibility, and sustainability. With proper assessment, the optimal structure can be selected to ensure the stable and reliable operation of the PV plant.
